Recent years, the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have
been demonstrated in preclinical studies and trials of inflammatory and autoimmune …

Classically, the following three morphological states of microglia have been defined:
ramified, amoeboid and phagocytic. While ramified cells were long regarded as “resting” …

The macrophage is a key cell in the pro-and anti-inflammatory response including that of the
inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors. Much current drug development in …

Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play active roles
in health and disease. Recent technologies have uncovered the functional heterogeneity of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease caused by central nervous
system (CNS) inflammation and immune dysfunction, which often leaves patients with …

Microglia are activated after neuronal injury and in neurodegenerative diseases, and trigger
neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia-derived …

Short-term symptomatic treatment and dose-dependent side effects of pharmacological
treatment for neurodegenerative diseases have forced the medical community to seek an …

Microglia are highly plastic immune cells which exist in a continuum of activation states. By
shaping the function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the brain cells which …

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most fatal diseases. Neuroimmunity, inflammation, and
oxidative stress play important roles in various complex mechanisms of IS. In particular, the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease that attacks the central
nervous system. Dietary intake of cuprizone (CPZ) produces demyelination resembling that …