Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible
number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident …

The C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway connects nutrient levels to metabolism,
growth, development, longevity, and behavior. This fundamental pathway is regulated by …

Akt kinase, a member of AGC kinases, is important in many cellular functions including
proliferation, migration, cell growth and metabolism. There are three known Akt isoforms …

Cisplatin (CP) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent with excellent clinical effects. The
anti-tumor activity of CP has been demonstrated in different cancers such as breast, cervical …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a byproduct of normal metabolism and have roles in cell
signaling and homeostasis. Species include oxygen radicals and reactive nonradicals …

VEGFs (vascular endothelial growth factors) control vascular development during
embryogenesis and the function of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the adult. There …

Lysosomes have fundamental physiological roles and have previously been implicated in
Parkinson's disease,,,–. However, how extracellular growth factors communicate with …

One signal that is overactivated in a wide range of tumour types is the production of a
phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5) trisphosphate, by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase …

Driver mutations in oncogenic pathways, rewiring of cellular metabolism and altered ROS
homoeostasis are intimately connected hallmarks of cancer. Electrons derived from different …

▪ Abstract Neurotrophins regulate development, maintenance, and function of vertebrate
nervous systems. Neurotrophins activate two different classes of receptors, the Trk family of …