The microglia, once thought only to be supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS),
are now recognized to play essential roles in many pathologies. Many studies within the last …

This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

Low back pain (LBP) seriously affects human quality of life. Intervertebral disc degeneration
(IVDD) is the main pathological factor that leads to LBP, but the pathological mechanism …

Recent studies suggest that CCR5 and its ligands are important regulators for the
development of neuropathic pain and that their modulation can have some beneficial …

Radix Astragali (AR) is a commonly used medicinal herb for post-stroke disability in
Traditional Chinese Medicine but its active compounds for promoting neurogenic effects are …

Neuropathic pain is still an extremely important problem in today's medicine because
opioids, which are commonly used to reduce pain, have limited efficacy in this type of …

The bark of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret (Leguminosae family), popularly known as
“jurema preta” in Brazil, is used by the population of Contendas of Sincorá (Bahia State …

Chronic pain and its associated comorbidities are difficult to treat, even when the most
potent analgesic compounds are used. Thus, research on new strategies to effectively …

Currently, the low efficacy of antinociceptive drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain is a
major therapeutic problem. Here, we show the potential role of interleukin (IL)-18 signaling …

The progression of neurological diseases is mainly attributed to oxidative stress, apoptosis,
inflammation, and trauma, making them a primary public concern. Since no drugs can stop …