This study describes and investigates the immersion principle in multimedia learning. A
sample of 102 middle school students took a virtual field trip to Greenland via a head …

This paper presents a personal account of developments in research on online learning
over the past 30 years. Research on how to design online instruction represents an example …

Virtual reality (VR) is predicted to create a paradigm shift in education and training, but there
is little empirical evidence of its educational value. The main objectives of this study were to …

An engaging and authoritative guide to the impact of reading medium on learning, from a
foremost expert in the field We face constant choices about how we read. Educators must …

Researchers of cognitive load theory and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning have
identified several strategies to optimize instructional materials. In this review article we focus …

For more than three decades, cognitive load theory has been addressing learning from a
cognitive perspective. Based on this instructional theory, design recommendations and …

Multimedia pedagogical agents are on-screen characters that allow users to navigate or
learn in multimedia environments. Several agents' characteristics may moderate their …

Learning in immersive virtual reality (VR) can be highly motivating, but the perceptual
richness and activity can distract students from the core instructional message. Generative …

Spatial split-attention effects have been noted in the research literature, where, under split-
attention conditions, integrating text and diagrams has been shown to be effective. From this …

The ability for learners to interact online via their avatars in a 3-D simulation space means
that virtual worlds afford a host of educational opportunities not offered by other learning …