Background Bipolar depression constitutes a major public health problem due to its
substantial burden of disease. Although pharmacological interventions are available …

Lithium has been the treatment of choice for patients with bipolar disorder (BD) for nearly 70
years. It is recommended by all relevant guidelines as a first-line treatment for maintenance …

Abstract (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) and its enantiomer (S)-ketamine (esketamine) can
produce rapid and substantial antidepressant effects. However, individual response to …

Uncertainty remains regarding the relative efficacy of maintenance pharmacotherapy for
bipolar disorder (BD), and available data require updating. The present systematic review …

Objectives: Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that can be
used to treat major depressive disorder by single or repeated infusions. However, the …

Background Since its introduction in modern medicine, naturalistic observations emerged
about possible uses of lithium treatment for conditions different from recurring affective …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by mood changes, including recurrent manic,
hypomanic, and depressive episodes, which may involve mixed symptoms. Despite the …

Background Lithium is considered the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder (BD).
Current clinical guidelines and scientific evidence support its use as a first-line treatment in …

Symptomatic overlap of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive
disorder (MDD) is a major diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Mania in medical history …

Introduction Despite the growing number of different therapeutic options, treatment of
depression is still a challenge. A broader perspective reveals the benefits of bright light …