Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that
infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Klebsiella species cause a wide range of diseases including pneumonia, urinary tract
infections (UTIs), bloodstream infections and sepsis. These infections are particularly a …

The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration is the hypothesis that endotoxin causes or
contributes to neurodegeneration. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting …

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis contribute to development of diseases in liver
and other organs. Physical, immunologic, and microbiologic (bacterial, fungal, archaeal …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of mortality
among immunocompromised patients in clinical setups. The hallmarks of virulence in P …

According to the hygiene hypothesis, the increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases in
western countries may be explained by changes in early microbial exposure, leading to …

Vaccines containing novel adjuvant formulations are increasingly reaching advanced
development and licensing stages, providing new tools to fill previously unmet clinical …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key
component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an …

The major constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is comprised of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O …