Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile,
yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a …

Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by
hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign …

The globally distributed ectoparasite Varroa destructor is a vector for viral pathogens of the
Western honeybee (Apis mellifera), in particular the Iflavirus Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). In …

Immune systems are of pivotal importance to any living organism on Earth, as they protect
the organism against deleterious effects of viral infections. Though the current knowledge …

Insects are infected by a wide array of viruses some of which are insect restricted and
pathogenic, and some of which are transmitted by biting insects to vertebrates. The medical …

Highlights•Vectorial capacity determines the relative importance of a mosquito as a
vector.•Vector competence is one component of vectorial capacity.•Interactions between …

Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate
hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick …

Mosquito-borne viral diseases are a major concern of global health and result in significant
economic losses in many countries. As natural vectors, mosquitoes are very permissive to …

As invertebrates, shrimps rely on multiple innate defense reactions, including humoral
immunity and cellular immunity to recognize and eliminate various invaders, such as …

The Flavivirus genus is in the family Flaviviridae and is comprised of more than 70 viruses.
These viruses have a broad geographic range, circulating on every continent except …