Oxygen is essentially required by most eukaryotic organisms as a scavenger to remove
harmful electron and hydrogen ions or as a critical substrate to ensure the proper execution …

Hypoxia and inflammation are frequently co-incidental features of the tissue
microenvironment in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. While the impact of hypoxia on …

Oxygen is essential for the life of most multicellular organisms. Cells possess enzymes
called molecular dioxygenases that depend on oxygen for activity. A subclass of molecular …

Thousands of microorganisms compose the human gut microbiota, fighting pathogens in
infectious diseases and inhibiting or inducing inflammation in different immunological …

The rise in the incidence of obesity has led to a major interest in the biology of white adipose
tissue. The tissue is a major endocrine and signaling organ, with adipocytes, the …

The placenta is a transient organ that forms during pregnancy to support the growth and
development of the fetus. During human placental development, trophoblast cells …

It is now clear that mitochondrial defects are associated with a large variety of clinical
phenotypes. This is the result of the mitochondria's central role in energy production …

HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is the main transcription factor activated by low oxygen
tensions. HIF-1α (and other α subunits) is tightly controlled mostly at the protein level …

The respiratory response to hypoxia in mammals develops from an inhibition of breathing
movements in utero into a sustained increase in ventilation in the adult. This ventilatory …

Cancer is often characterised by the presence of hypoxia and inflammation. Paramount to
the mechanisms controlling cellular responses under such stress stimuli, are the …