Bones as an alive organ consist of about 70% mineral and 30% organic component. About
200 million people are suffering from osteopenia and osteoporosis around the world. There …

Background Endurance athletes perform periodized training in order to prepare for main
competitions and maximize performance. However, the coupling between alterations of total …

Protecting the health of the athlete is a goal of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
The IOC convened an expert panel to update the 2005 IOC Consensus Statement on the …

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used in the evaluation of bone fragility in
children. Previous recommendations emphasized total body less head and lumbar spine …

• Nutritional status, and acute nutrient intake, can moderate the bone metabolic response to
exercise.• Appropriate use of biomarkers has the potential to progress knowledge on the …

Background Swimming, a sport practiced in hypogravity, has sometimes been associated
with decreased bone mass. Aim This systematic review aims to summarize and update …

Background The effects of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) have been studied by
several researchers, with inconsistent results. Aim This meta-analysis aims to determine …

Introduction Exercise is a protective factor for the appearance of osteoporosis, but not all
physical activities have the same effect on bones. Low-impact sports, like swimming, may a …

Athletes participating in sports characterized by specific loading modalities have exhibited
different levels of augmentation of bone properties; however, the extent to which these …

Context: Puberty is a crucial period of dramatic hormonal changes, accelerated growth,
attainment of reproductive capacity, and acquisition of peak bone mass. Participation in …