T-cell exhaustion is a progressive loss of effector function and memory potential due to
persistent antigen exposure, which occurs in chronic viral infections and cancer. Here we …

Resting naive CD8+ T cells have an astounding capacity to react to pathogens by massive
expansion and differentiation into cytotoxic effector cells that migrate to all corners of the …

Cytokines interact with their receptors in the extracellular space to control immune
responses. How the physicochemical properties of the extracellular space influence cytokine …

Tissues such as the skin and mucosae are frequently exposed to microbial pathogens.
Infectious agents must be quickly and efficiently controlled by our immune system, but the …

Originally described over a decade ago as a T cell transcription factor regulating T helper 1
cell lineage commitment, T-bet is now recognized as having an important role in many cells …

The nature of follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cell differentiation remains controversial,
including the minimal signals required for Tfh cell differentiation and the time at which Tfh …

To date, no immunotherapy approaches have managed to fully overcome T-cell exhaustion,
which remains a mandatory fate for chronically activated effector cells and a major …

mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) controls transcriptional programs that
determine CD8+ cytolytic T cell (CTL) fate. In some cell systems, mTORC1 couples …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that drives T-cell growth, augments NK cytolytic
activity, induces the differentiation of regulatory T cells, and mediates activation-induced cell …

In response to acute infection, naive CD8+ T cells expand, differentiate into effector cells,
and then contract to a long-lived pool of memory cells after pathogen clearance. During …