The aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multifactorial, and includes
contributions from the environment, stochastic factors, and genetic susceptibility. Great gains …

Introduction: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an alkalinizing lysosomatropic drug that
accumulates in lysosomes where it inhibits some important functions by increasing the pH …

Lupus nephritis is an immune complex GN that develops as a frequent complication of SLE.
The pathogenesis of lupus nephritis involves a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. The …

Although new activation and regulatory mechanisms are still being identified, the basic
architecture of the complement system has been known for decades. Two major roles of …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the
loss of tolerance to nuclear self antigens, the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is characterized by a global loss of self-
tolerance with activation of autoreactive T and B cells leading to production of pathogenic …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder, characterized by
production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, which may …

Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) participate prominently
in B‐cell maturation and function. In particular, B‐cell activating factor belonging to the TNF …

Overactivity of the germinal center (GC) pathway resulting from accumulation of follicular
helper T (Tfh) cells causes autoimmunity, underscoring the need to understand the factors …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of a wide array of
autoantibodies. Thus, the condition was traditionally classified as a “B‐cell disease” …