Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive
avian disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In recent years, with the …

Background Chickens, important food animals and model organisms, are susceptible to
many RNA viruses that invade via the nasal cavity. To determine the nasal entry site of the …

Chicken whole-genome gene expression arrays were used to analyze the host response to
infection by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Spleen and bursal tissue were examined …

Variant infectious bursal disease virus (vaIBDV) has been identified in various countries with
significant economic losses. Recently, the first identification of a variant strain in Malaysia …

In black-boned chicken, melanocytes are widely distributed in their inner organs. However,
the roles of these cells are not fully elucidated. In this study, we used 3-wk-old female Silky …

Macrophages, monocytes, and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), together with B
lymphocytes, are termed antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Monocytes and cDCs differentiate …

At present, stress-induced immunosuppression is still a hidden threat that leads to
immunization failure and outbreaks of poultry diseases, and causes huge economic losses …

Antifungal resistance is a growing concern in the medical community, as fungal infections
are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. In this study, Falco species were used as novel …

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral infection that affects young chicks. The IBD
outbreaks in vaccinated chickens are frequently reported in Tanzania. The current study was …