Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at
multiple levels during the development, activation and effector phases of T and B cells …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation
of dietary fibre in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of SCFAs is mediated by substrate …

Aims Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) caused by
multiple factors. Studies have shown that epithelial cell damage was associated with …

The intestinal barrier, which primarily consists of a mucus layer, an epithelial barrier, and a
gut vascular barrier, has a crucial role in health and disease by facilitating nutrient …

The skin barrier is broadly composed of two elements—a physical barrier mostly localised in
the epidermis, and an immune barrier localised in both the dermis and epidermis. These two …

CD8+ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a
complex multifactorial chronic disease. Here, we present an overview of the current research …

The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. The vast
genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every …

As Helicobacter pylori management has become more challenging and less efficient over
the last decade, the interest in innovative interventions is growing by the day. Probiotic co …

Chronic stress is a known risk factor for breast cancer, yet the underlying mechanisms are
unclear. This study explores the potential involvement of microbial and metabolic signals in …

The interferon (IFN) response is the major early innate immune response against invading
viral pathogens and is even capable of mediating sterilizing antiviral immunity without the …