Natural and anthropogenic causes are continually growing sources of metals in the
ecosystem; hence, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a primary environmental …

Rapid industrialization, mine tailings runoff, and agricultural activities are often detrimental to
soil health and can distribute hazardous metal (loid) s into the soil environment, with harmful …

The current state of heavy metal (HM) environmental pollution problems was considered in
the review: the effects of HMs on the vital activity of plants and the functioning of their …

Heavy metal (HM)-mediated toxic effects on plants have attained considerable attention
worldwide as they directly threaten the food supply chain. Although various measures have …

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and
arsenic (As), polluting the environment, pose a significant risk and cause a wide array of …

Global warming is the major cause of abiotic and biotic stresses that reduce plant growth
and productivity. Various stresses such as drought, low temperature, pathogen attack, high …

Phytoremediation is an economically viable green technology that utilizes hyperaccumulator
plants to remove heavy metals (HM) from the soil. Hyperaccumulators are adept at …

Agricultural as well as industrial processes, such as mining and textile activities, are just a
few examples of anthropogenic activities that have a long-term negative impact on the …

Recent years have witnessed a gradual increase in the bioavailability and groundwater
leaching of toxic heavy metals (HMs) in the environment, driven mainly by anthropogenic …

The heavy metal contamination, which causes toxic effects on plants, has evolved into a
significant constraint to plant quality and yield. This scenario has been exacerbated by …