Elderly individuals are the most susceptible to an aggressive form of coronavirus disease
(COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2. The remodeling of immune response that is observed …

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a latent infection that generally remains
asymptomatic in immune-competent hosts for decades but can cause serious illness in …

In the older adult, the benefits of vaccination to prevent infectious disease are limited, mainly
because of the adaptive immune system's inability to generate protective immunity. The age …

Both the innate and adaptive immune systems decline with age, causing greater
susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced responses to vaccination. Diseases are …

Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and
mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced …

Introduction Aging causes several changes in the immune system, although immune aging
is strongly influenced by individual immunological history, as well as genetic and …

Several low-grade persistent viral infections induce and sustain very large numbers of virus-
specific effector T cells. This was first described as a response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a …

Typically, during viral infections, T cells encounter antigen, undergo proliferative expansion
and ultimately contract into a pool of memory cells. However, after infection with …

Prominent immune alterations associated with aging include the loss of naïve T-cell
numbers, diversity and function. While genetic contributors and mechanistic details in the …

Studies of CD8 T cell responses to vaccination or infection with various pathogens in both
animal models and human subjects have revealed a markedly consistent array of age …