The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen responsible for millions of deaths
worldwide. Diseases caused by this bacterium are classified as pneumococcal diseases …

The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues
by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was an important event for immunology research
and was recognized as such with the awarding of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or …

Insulin resistance is a major underlying mechanism for the “metabolic syndrome”, which is
also known as insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is increasing at an …

Diabetes mellitus is increasing at an alarming rate and has become a global challenge.
Insulin resistance in target tissues and a relative deficiency of insulin secretion from …

Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases.
Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of …

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria are one of the most potent stimulators
of the host innate immune system and LPS recognition is essential for the host organism to …

More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily
associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor …