Gram-negative bacteria decorate their outermost surface structure, lipopolysaccharide, with
elaborate chemical moieties, which effectively disguises them from immune surveillance and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation enables host to recognize a large number of pathogen-
associated molecule patterns (PAMPs), ignite immune cells to discriminate between self and …

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) binding to bacterial flagellin activates signaling through the
transcription factor NF-κB and triggers an innate immune response to the invading …

There is a growing interest in the targeting of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for the prevention
and treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …

Autoimmune diseases are a family of chronic systemic inflammatory disorders, characterized
by the dysregulation of the immune system which finally results in the break of tolerance to …

Our improved understanding of how innate immune responses can be initiated and how
they can shape adaptive B‐and T‐cell responses is having a significant impact on vaccine …

Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that
continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance …

In many Gram‐negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its lipid A moiety are pivotal
for bacterial survival. Depending on its structure, lipid A carries the toxic properties of the …

Innate immune receptors respond to common structural patterns in microbial molecules and
are called pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in the …