Fungi-derived β-glucan, a type of glucopolysaccharide, has been shown to possess immune-
modulatory properties in clinical settings. Studies have indicated that β-glucan derived from …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists activate both the innate and the adaptive immune systems.
These TLR agonists have been exploited as potent vaccine adjuvants and antitumor agents …

Tobacco smoking is the dominant risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), but viral and bacterial infections are the major causes of exacerbations in later …

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Therefore, a better
understanding of their pathomechanisms and the subsequent implementation of optimal …

The evolutionary conserved Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the first identified and best
characterized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which discriminate self from nonself …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens and their components, thereby initiating
immune responses to infectious organisms. TLR ligation leads to the activation of NF-κB and …

Vascular calcification is a common complication in atherosclerosis. Bone morphogenetic
protein-2 (BMP-2) plays an important role in atherosclerotic vascular calcification. The aim of …

The research is aimed to explore the distinct molecular signatures in discriminating the
rheumatoid arthritis patients with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cold pattern and heat …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPc) …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays a central role in the pathophysiology of many acute
and chronic human inflammatory diseases, and pharmacological regulation of TLR …