Human placental growth hormone (PGH), encoded by the growth hormone (GH) variant
gene on chromosome 17, is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous …

Large birthweight, or macrosomia, is one of the commonest complications for pregnancies
affected by diabetes. As macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of a number of …

Clinically, fetal growth restriction (FGR) is only detectable in later gestation, despite
pathophysiological establishment likely earlier in pregnancy. Additionally, there are no …

Context: It remains uncertain whether maternal IGF-I is associated with fetal growth. Little is
known about the role of maternal IGF-II in fetal growth and whether IGF-I or IGF-II is …

OBJECTIVE—We investigated the effects of normal variations in maternal glycemia on birth
size and other birth outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Women in two …

The placenta regulates materno-fetal nutrient transfer and secretes hormones that enable
maternal physiological support of the pregnancy. In mice, these functions are performed by …

OBJECTIVE: The human Placental Growth Hormone (hPGH) and the Insulin-like Growth
Factor (IGF) system are implicated in fetal development. This study aimed to evaluate the …

The short-and long-term effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk are well documented.
Insight into potential biological mechanisms for these associations may be gained by …

Preeclampsia is the major cause of maternofetal and neonatal morbi-mortality including
intrauterine growth retardation, miscarriages and stillbirths. Inadequate vascular dilation and …

Context & Objective A recent paper by our group reported that regular aerobic exercise
during pregnancy led to lower foetal IGF‐I and IGF‐II concentrations and a modest reduction …