Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are the consequence of a breach in immune tolerance,
leading to the inability to sufficiently differentiate between self and non-self. Immune …

To maintain the homeostatic environment required for proper function of central nervous
system (CNS) neurons the endothelial cells of CNS microvessels tightly regulate the …

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous
system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells …

Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information,
cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation, cell-cell …

Simple Summary Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a protein produced by cells
in blood vessel walls, as well as many other cell types. It localizes to the surface of these …

Interactions among leukocytes and leukocytes with immune-associated auxiliary cells
represent an essential feature of the immune response that requires the involvement of cell …

Aims Ischemic stroke is a life‐threatening disease with limited therapeutic strategies. Blood‐
brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a critical pathological process that contributes to poor …

Oncostatin M (OSM) is an IL-6 family member which exerts neuroprotective and
remyelination-promoting effects after damage to the central nervous system (CNS) …

The migration of activated T cells across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in
central nervous system (CNS) immune surveillance and inflammation. Whereas T cell …

Background: High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was identified as a highly
conserved DNA binding nuclear protein, which participates in the processes of acute lung …