Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of addiction. During the last
several decades, this clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using classic …

Addiction treatment has not been appreciably improved by neuroscientific research. One
problem is that mechanistic studies using rodent models do not incorporate volitional social …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of human drug
addiction. This clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using different …

Despite decades of research on neurobiological mechanisms of psychostimulant addiction,
the only effective treatment for many addicts is contingency management, a behavioral …

Lifetime relapse rates remain a major obstacle in addressing the current opioid crisis.
Relapse to opioid use can be modeled in rodent studies where drug self-administration is …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during
early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of time. Clinical evidence now …

Poorly regulated reward seeking is a central feature of substance use disorder. Recent
research shows that rewarding drug-related experiences induce synchronous activation of a …

It is difficult to translate results from animal research on addiction to an understanding of the
behavior of human drug users. Despite decades of basic research on neurobiological …