Background Approximately 250 million (43%) children under the age of 5 years in low-and
middle-income countries (LMICs) are failing to meet their developmental potential. Risk …

The Sustainable Development Goals mandate that by 2030, all children should have access
to quality early child development opportunities, healthcare and pre-primary education. Yet …

Background HIV infection is known to cause developmental delay, but the effects of HIV
exposure without infection during pregnancy on child development are unclear. We …

Abstract Background and Aims There is increasing evidence indicating that air pollution
exposure is associated with neuronal damage. Since pregnancy is a critical window of …

Introduction: There is a growing population of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected
(HEU) with the successful expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use in pregnancy …

Background Maternal physical and mental health during pregnancy are key determinants of
birth outcomes. There are relatively few prospective data that integrate physical and mental …

Background Antenatal exposure to maternal psychological adversity, including depression,
increases the risk of impaired neurodevelopment in children. The underlying biological …

Drawing on perspectives from West and Southern Africa, this Comment critically examines
the current state of neuroscience progress in Africa, describing the unique landscape and …

Background Food insecurity, poverty and exposure to infectious disease are well‐
established drivers of malnutrition in children in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Early development of …

Maternal perinatal depression is associated with risk of adverse child developmental
outcomes and differences in offspring brain structure. Evidence from low-and middle-income …