Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly concentration
and memory enhancement and physical performance improvement. Coffee and caffeine …

Highly purified cannabidiol (CBD)(approved as Epidiolex® in the United States and as
EPIDYOLEX from the EU agency) has demonstrated efficacy with an acceptable safety …

Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through
membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

Adenosine kinase (ADK; EC 2.7. 1.20) is an evolutionarily conserved phosphotransferase
that converts the purine ribonucleoside adenosine into 5′-adenosine-monophosphate …

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is well recognized for its neuroprotective functions,
via activation of its high affinity receptor, tropomysin related kinase B (TrkB). In addition …

Purinergic signalling appears to play important roles in neurodegeneration, neuroprotection
and neuroregeneration. Initially there is a brief summary of the background of purinergic …

Adenosine is directly linked to the energy metabolism of cells. In the central nervous system
(CNS) an increase in neuronal activity enhances energy consumption as well as …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of specialized endothelial cells that form the
capillary microvasculature of the CNS and is essential for brain function. It also poses the …

Caffeine is one of the world's most consumed drugs. According to the Washington Post
(2015), two billion cups of coffee are consumed per day worldwide. Caffeine is classified as …