The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The aging process worsens the human body functions at multiple levels, thus causing its
gradual decrease to resist stress, damage, and disease. Besides changes in gene …

Diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism, and over 90% are type 2 diabetes. Diabetic
cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the type 2 diabetes complications, usually accompanied by …

Rosmarinus officinalis L.(rosemary) is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean region
and cultivated around the world. Besides the therapeutic purpose, it is commonly used as a …

Atherogenesis, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, is a complex process that involves
several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, neovascularization, vascular …

Although acute exposure of the heart to angiotensin (Ang II) produces physiological cardiac
hypertrophy and chronic exposure results in pathological hypertrophy, the signal …

Advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) enhance treatment efficacy of different therapeutics
in a dosage, spatial, and/or temporal controlled manner. To date, numerous chemical-or …

Oxidative and reductive stress are dual dynamic phases experienced by the cells
undergoing adaptation towards endogenous or exogenous noxious stimulus. The former …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common irreversible ocular disease
characterized by vision impairment among older people. Many risk factors are related to …

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a highly vascularized organ with abundant mitochondria that
produce heat through uncoupled respiration. Obesity is associated with a reduction of BAT …