Despite numerous studies on the neurobiology of depression, the etiological and
pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder remain poorly understood. A large number …

Rationale The chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm was first described almost 40 years ago
and has become a widely used model in the search for antidepressant drugs for major …

Several lines of evidence suggest that stress induces the neurovascular dysfunction
associated with increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which could be an …

Astrocytic contributions to neuroinflammation are widely implicated in disease, but they
remain incompletely explored. We assess medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and visual cortex …

The sucrose preference test (SPT) measures the relative preference of sucrose over water to
assess hedonic behaviors in rodents. Yet, it remains uncertain to what extent the SPT …

Olfactory impairments contribute to the psychopathology of mental illnesses such as
schizophrenia and depression. Recent neuroscience research has shed light on the …

Chronic psychological stress is one of the most important triggers and environmental risk
factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. Chronic stress can influence all organs via the …

Animal studies over the past two decades have led to extensive advances in our
understanding of pathogenesis of depressive disorders. Among these, rodent behavioural …

Through incorporating both physical and psychological forms of stressors, a variety of rodent
models have provided important insights into the understanding of stress physiology …

Depression is an overwhelming health concern, and many patients fail to optimally respond
to available standard therapies. Neuroplasticity and blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity are …