Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric condition, but the etiology of anxiety
disorders remains largely unclear. Our previous studies have shown that neuroplastin 65 …

Background We recently focused on alkaloids in Uncaria hook (a constituent of the Kampo
medicine, yokukansan) and identified the pharmacological action of geissoschizine methyl …

The development of antidepressant drugs, in the last 6 decades, has been associated with
theories based on a deficiency of serotonin (5-HT) and/or noradrenaline (NA) systems …

Cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been associated with alterations in
neuronal oscillatory activity, of which hippocampal theta and gamma oscillations are …

It is estimated that approximately 280 million people worldwide suffer from depression.
Depression is a common disease to us all, and the socioeconomic loss caused by …

The autonomic and sensory nervous systems are required for proper function of all visceral
organs, including the lower urinary tract (LUT). Despite the wide prevalence of bladder …

The monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) modulates anxiety by its activity on 5-HT
2C receptors (5-HT 2C R) expressed in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG). Here, we …

The formalin test has been established as a method for evaluating mouse models of pain.
Although there have been numerous reports of formalin-pain-induced behavior, few reports …

Pain is influenced by various factors, such as fear, anxiety, and memory. We previously
reported that pain-like behaviors in mice can be induced by environmental cues in which a …

Purpose We have developed a 3D brain unit network model to understand the spatial-
temporal distribution of a drug within the brain under different (normal and disease) …