Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Instrumental behavior is a very complex and multifaceted process. Behavioral output during
instrumental performance is influenced by a variety of factors, including associative …

In this chapter we provide an overview of the pharmacological and circuit mechanisms that
determine the willingness to expend effort in pursuit of rewards. A particular focus will be on …

People with depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders can experience motivational
dysfunctions such as fatigue and anergia, which involve reduced exertion of effort in goal …

The dopamine‐depleting agent tetrabenazine alters effort‐based choice, suppressing food‐
reinforced behaviors with high response requirements, while increasing selection of low …

The NIMH research domain criteria (RDoC) approach was instigated to refocus mental
health research on the neural circuits that mediate psychological functions, with the idea that …

The worldwide increase in cognitive decline, both in aging and with psychiatric disorders,
warrants a search for pharmacological treatment. Although dopaminergic treatment …

Effort-based decision-making is impaired in multiple psychopathologies leading to
significant impacts on the daily life of patients. Preclinical studies of this important …

Motivational symptoms such as anergia, fatigue, and reduced exertion of effort are seen in
depressed people. To model this, nucleus accumbens (Nacb) dopamine (DA) depletions are …

The progressive ratio procedure is used across fields to assess motivation for different
reinforcers, define the effects of experimental interventions on motivation, and determine …