The industrial activities of the last century have caused massive increases in human
exposure to heavy metals. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the …

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal belonging to the group of the main chemical pollutants of
the natural and occupational environment in economically developed countries. The …

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and a potent toxic compound. Humans are
exposed to Pb through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact via food, water, tobacco …

Acute or chronic mercury exposure can cause adverse effects during any period of
development. Mercury is a highly toxic element; there is no known safe level of exposure …

Human biomonitoring reference values are statistical estimates that indicate the upper
margin of background exposure to a given chemical at a given time. Nationally …

Lead occurs primarily in the inorganic form in the environment. Human exposure is mainly
via food and water, with some via air, dust and soil. In average adult consumers, lead dietary …

Manufacture of lead-acid batteries is of widespread interest because of its emissions of
heavy metals and metalloids into environment, harming environmental quality and …

Background The assessment of human chemical risks related to occupational or
environmental exposure to pollutants requires the use of both accurate exposure indicators …

The prevalence of obesity has increased at an alarming rate worldwide. Metallic elements
are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and related diseases. To date, whether …

An Integrative Study of the Genetic, Social and Environmental Determinants of Chronic
Kidney Disease Characterized by Tubulointerstitial Damages in the North Central Region of …