Largely absent from the emerging literature on flexibility is a consideration of experts'
flexibility. Do experts exhibit strategy flexibility, as one might assume? If so, how do experts …

Background Too many students persevere in relying upon one (sometimes suboptimal)
strategy for solving a wide range of problems, even when they know more efficient …

Explaining new ideas to oneself can promote learning and transfer, but questions remain
about how to maximize the pedagogical value of self-explanations. This study investigated …

In this rejoinder to Baroody and colleagues (2007), I point out that there are several areas of
agreement between my position and that of Baroody et al.—most notably that both …

Flexibility in the use of mathematics procedures consists of the ability to employ multiple
solution methods across a set of problems, solve the same problem using multiple methods …

Psychologists and mathematics educators have long viewed flexibility as critical to students'
mathematical development. In this paper, we focused on the multidimensional nature of …

Productive learning of algebra is supported when students reflect on multiple strategies,
compare them and discuss the rationale behind and relative merits of particular strategies …

Background In this cross-national study, Spanish, Finnish, and Swedish middle and high
school students' procedural flexibility was examined, with the specific intent of determining …

Researchers interested in mathematical proficiency have recently begun to explore the
development of strategic flexibility, where flexibility is defined as knowledge of multiple …

Through codified rule-use, humans can accurately solve many problems. Yet, mechanized
strategies can also be costly. After adopting a solution strategy, humans often become blind …