The first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic were mainly characterized by recurrent
mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein at residues K417, L452, E484, N501 and P681 …

Recombination is a common evolutionary tool for RNA viruses, and coronaviruses are no
exception. We review here the evidence for recombination in SARS-CoV-2 and reconcile …

Continuous evolution of Omicron has led to a rapid and simultaneous emergence of
numerous variants that display growth advantages over BA. 5 (ref.). Despite their divergent …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron sublineages BA.
2.12. 1, BA. 4 and BA. 5 exhibit higher transmissibility than the BA. 2 lineage 1. The receptor …

In response to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, the global scientific
community, through unprecedented effort, has sequenced and shared over 11 million …

Summary Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant, BA. 2.75, displayed a growth
advantage over circulating BA. 2.38, BA. 2.76, and BA. 5 in India. However, the underlying …

Omicron subvariants continuingly challenge current vaccination strategies. Here, we
demonstrate nearly complete escape of the XBB. 1.5, CH. 1.1, and CA. 3.1 variants from …

A major challenge in understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is interpreting the antigenic and
functional effects of emerging mutations in the viral spike protein. Here, we describe a deep …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) human adaptation resulted
in distinct lineages with enhanced transmissibility called variants of concern (VOCs) …

Immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 paired with immune imprinting from monovalent mRNA
vaccines has resulted in attenuated neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron …