The tongue and mandible have common origins. They arise simultaneously from the
mandibular arch and are coordinated in their development and growth, which is evident from …

Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several
fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and …

BMP signaling is one of the key pathways regulating craniofacial development. It is involved
in the early patterning of the head, the development of cranial neural crest cells, and facial …

Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factor signaling is essential for proper formation
and development of the neural crest. The many ligands and receptors implicated in these …

Cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) are the origin of the anterior part of the face and the head.
Cranial NCCs are multipotent cells giving rise to bones, cartilage, adipose-tissues in the …

Although the importance of TGF-β superfamily signaling in craniofacial growth and
patterning is well established, the precise details of its signaling mechanisms are still poorly …

Cellular drug resistance remains the main obstacle to the clinical efficacy of cancer
chemotherapy. Alterations in key pathways regulating cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and …

Disrupted ERK1/2 signaling is associated with several developmental syndromes in
humans. To understand the function of ERK2 (MAPK1) in the postmigratory neural crest …

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling plays a crucial role in the development of
craniofacial organs. Mutations in numerous members of the BMP signaling pathway lead to …

The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play a critical role during palatogenesis by mediating a
variety of cellular responses. Extensive epidemiological and genetic studies over several …