Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

Iron is essential to virtually all organisms, but poses problems of toxicity and poor solubility.
Bacteria have evolved various mechanisms to counter the problems imposed by their iron …

Colicins are proteins produced by and toxic for some strains of Escherichia coli. They are
produced by strains of E. coli carrying a colicinogenic plasmid that bears the genetic …

▪ Abstract The ability of pathogens to obtain iron from transferrins, ferritin, hemoglobin, and
other iron-containing proteins of their host is central to whether they live or die. To combat …

Analysis of the 1,042,519–base pair Chlamydia trachomatis genome revealed unexpected
features related to the complex biology of chlamydiae. Although chlamydiae lack many …

▪ Abstract Iron is an essential element for most organisms, including bacteria. The oxidized
form is insoluble, and the reduced form is highly toxic for most macromolecules and, in …

FhuA, the receptor for ferrichrome-iron in Escherichia coli, is a member of a family of integral
outer membrane proteins, which, together with the energy-transducing protein TonB …

Mutations in the tol-pal genes induce pleiotropic effects such as release of periplasmic
proteins into the extracellular medium and hypersensitivity to drugs and detergents. Other …

TonB-dependent transport is a mechanism for active uptake across the outer membrane of
Gram-negative bacteria. The system promotes transport of rare nutrients and was thought to …

Iron is an essential micronutrient for most life forms including the majority of resident bacteria
of the microbiota and their mammalian hosts. Bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms …