The effects of neocortical spreading depression (SD) on the expression of immunoreactive c-
fos protein were examined within the superficial laminae of trigeminal nucleus caudalis …

Sumatriptan and the ergot alkaloids are useful tools for deciphering drug mechanisms in
migraine and related headaches. Both neuronal and vascular mechanisms have been …

Euthanasia is one of the most commonly performed procedures in biomedical research,
involving tens of millions of animals in North America and Europe every year. The use of …

Intrathecal phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not COX-1,
inhibitors attenuate facilitated pain states generated by peripheral injury/inflammation and …

Recently, antisera that recognize unique epitopes of the cloned mu-, delta-, and kappa-
opioid, receptors (MOR, DOR, KOR, respectively) have been developed. In the present study …

The protooncogene c-fos is rapidly activated after noxious stimuli to express the protein Fos
in spinal dorsal horn neurons that are in the 'correct'locations for nociceptive information …

During the 1990s, there has been a proliferation of animal models to study the effects of
tissue injury on the development of persistent or chronic pain. In most of these studies, the …

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a direct action on spinal nociceptive processing
in vivo with a relative order of potency which correlates with their capacity as inhibitors of …

The bowel is the only organ of the body in which neural reflexes can be elicited in the
absence of input from the brain or spinal cord. This activity is mediated by the enteric …

Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator which induces vascular relaxation by releasing nitric oxide in
the wall of blood vessels. It has been suggested that the cardiovascular inhibitory responses …