Abstract The three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) model is
becoming an essential tool in cancer research as it expresses an intermediate complexity …

Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture
techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority …

Three‐dimensional cell culture models, such as spheroids, can be used in the process of the
development of new anticancer agents because they are able to closely mimic the main …

In comparison with 2D cell culture models, 3D spheroids are able to accurately mimic some
features of solid tumors, such as their spatial architecture, physiological responses …

Ex vivo systems that incorporate features of the tumor microenvironment and model the
dynamic response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may facilitate efforts in precision …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have gained increasing interest in
drug discovery and tissue engineering due to their evident advantages in providing more …

Phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells, cell biological context, heterotypic crosstalk and
the microenvironment are key determinants of the multistep process of tumor development …

Although used in academic research for several decades, 3D culture models have long
been regarded expensive, cumbersome and unnecessary in drug development processes …

Efforts to discover new cancer drugs and predict their clinical activity are limited by the fact
that laboratory models to test drug efficacy do not faithfully recapitulate this complex disease …

Culture of cancerous cells in standard monolayer conditions poorly mirrors growth in three-
dimensional architectures typically observed in a wide majority of cancers of different …