The human brain is a sophisticated, high‐performance biocomputer that processes multiple
complex tasks in parallel with high efficiency and remarkably low power consumption …

Dendrites have always fascinated researchers: from the artistic drawings by Ramon y Cajal
to the beautiful recordings of today, neuroscientists have been striving to unravel the …

Interfaces between organelles are emerging as critical platforms for many biological
responses in eukaryotic cells. In yeast, the ERMES complex is an endoplasmic reticulum …

Working memory is a fundamental feature of biological brains for perception, cognition, and
learning. In addition, learning with working memory, which has been show in conventional …

Electrical activity in neurons requires a seamless functional coupling between
plasmalemmal ion channels and ion transporters. Although ion channels have been studied …

In this paper, the recent progress of synaptic electronics is reviewed. The basics of biological
synaptic plasticity and learning are described. The material properties and electrical …

Statistical learning (SL) is typically considered to be a domain-general mechanism by which
cognitive systems discover the underlying distributional properties of the input. However …

Although a wealth of data have elucidated the structure and physiology of neuronal circuits,
we still only have a very limited understanding of how behavioral learning is implemented at …

Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to improve
various forms of learning in humans. Stimulation is often applied during training, producing …

In spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), the order and precise temporal interval
between presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes determine the sign and magnitude of long …