Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are frequently reported in patients with coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and may impact patient clinical course and mortality. Although …

In 2008, the Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina
(coronary spastic angina) 1 were developed by the Japanese Circulation Society, and the …

Acute myocardial infarction is an important cause of death worldwide. While it often affects
patients of older age, acute myocardial infarction is garnering more attention as a significant …

In daily clinical practice, physicians often encounter patients with angina or those with
evidence of myocardial ischemia from noninvasive tests but not having obstructive coronary …

Background Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a
common disorder characterized by the presence of clinical criteria for acute myocardial …

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a clinical entity defined by a focal enlargement of the
coronary artery exceeding the 1.5-fold diameter of the adjacent normal segment …

Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) has gained increasing attention
due to its high prevalence, atypical clinical presentations, difficult diagnostic procedures …

Coronary artery vasospasm (CAVS) plays an important role in acute chest pain syndrome
caused by transient and partial or complete occlusion of the coronary arteries …

Of the noncommunicable chronic diseases, CVDs are the leading cause of death around the
world and in Brazil, which has one of the highest mortality rates in South America. 1 The …

Coronary artery spasm (CAS) is a reversible phenomenon caused by spontaneous
excessive vascular smooth muscle contractility and vascular wall hypertonicity, which results …