Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an illness caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)
infection which is often limited to a febrile illness, but may lead to very aggressive …

This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines
that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current …

Although in vitro observations suggest that cross-presentation of antigens is mediated
primarily by CD8α+ dendritic cells, in vivo analysis has been hampered by the lack of …

SUMMARY West Nile Virus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere during the late
summer of 1999 and has been causing significant and sometimes severe human diseases …

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that is transmitted to humans
through the bite of an infected mosquito. WNV has disseminated broadly in the Western …

The CNS, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, is continuously monitored by resident
microglia and blood-borne immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells to …

The immune system is redundant, and B and T cells collaborate. However, almost all current
vaccines work through induction of antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or …

We have discovered that native, neuronal expression of alpha-synuclein (Asyn) inhibits viral
infection, injury, and disease in the central nervous system (CNS). Enveloped RNA viruses …

Viral encephalitis is a devastating disease with high mortality, and survivors often suffer from
severe neurological complications. Microglia are innate immune cells of the central nervous …

Since its isolation in Uganda in 1937, West Nile virus (WNV) has been responsible for
thousands of cases of morbidity and mortality in birds, horses, and humans. Historically …