Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes
major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Pharmacological tool compounds are now available to define action at the adenosine (ARs),
P2Y and P2X receptors. We present a selection of the most commonly used agents to study …

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most fatal diseases. Neuroimmunity, inflammation, and
oxidative stress play important roles in various complex mechanisms of IS. In particular, the …

As an endogenous neuroprotectant agent, adenosine is extensively distributed and is
particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions …

Neurodegenerative diseases are conventionally demarcated as disorders with selective loss
of neurons. Conventional as well as newer molecules have been tested but they offer just …

By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major
regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy …

The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) and excitatory A2A receptor (A2AR) are
predominantly expressed in the brain. Whereas the A2AR has been implicated in normal …

Dominant GNAO1 mutations cause an emerging group of childhood-onset neurological
disorders characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, movement disorders …

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that results in brain damage
in newborns due to insufficient blood and oxygen supply during or after birth. HIE is a major …