Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been identified with its intensive involvement
in early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, tissue repair, and …

Osteoarthritis comprises several joint disorders characterized by articular cartilage
degeneration and persistent pain, causing disability and economic burden. The incidence of …

Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) is inextricably linked to regulatory T cell (Treg)
biology. However, precisely untangling the role for TGF-β1 in Treg differentiation and …

An accurate, rapid, and cost‐effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers
is vital for the development of early‐diagnostic point‐of‐care systems. The recent discovery …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has a paradoxical role in cancer
progression, and it acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages but a tumor promoter in …

Most chronic inflammatory illnesses include fibrosis as a pathogenic characteristic.
Extracellular matrix (ECM) components build up in excess to cause fibrosis or scarring. The …

Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between
cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Aging is broadly defined as the functional decline that occurs in all body systems. The
accumulation of senescent cells is considered a hallmark of aging and thought to contribute …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular
components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process …