Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit a specialized antigen-presenting function and play crucial roles
in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to their ability to cross-present tumor …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they
are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune effects. With the …

Most (if not all) tumors emerge and progress under a strong evolutionary pressure imposed
by trophic, metabolic, immunological, and therapeutic factors. The relative impact of these …

Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate
immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for
patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) provide novel and promising therapeutic options for patients with
cancers resistant to traditional therapies. Natural or genetically modified OVs are …

More than 1050 clinical trials are registered at FDA. gov that explore multipotent
mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for nearly every clinical application imaginable …

In the tumour microenvironment (TME), immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays a major role in
stimulating the dysfunctional antitumour immune system. Chronic exposure of damage …

Cell-based drug carriers are mostly prepared in vitro, which may negatively affect the
physiological functions of cells, and induce possible immune rejections when applied to …

During the course of tumorigenesis and subsequent metastasis, malignant cells gradually
diversify and become more heterogeneous. Consequently, the tumor mass might be …