Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if …

Ischemic stroke refers to the disorder of blood supply of local brain tissue caused by various
reasons. It has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Astrocytes are the most abundant …

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death, and the development of therapy resistance is
common. The tumor microenvironment can confer chemotherapy resistance …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) plays an important role in normal development and
homeostasis. Dysregulation of TGF-β responsiveness and its downstream signaling …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and inflammation play the central role in …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has
high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC 2s) play critical roles in the induction of type 2
inflammation, response to parasite infection, metabolic homeostasis, and tissue repair …

A severe lack of early diagnosis coupled with resistance to most available therapeutic
options renders pancreatic cancer as a major clinical concern. The limited efficacy of current …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family are a large group of evolutionarily conserved
cytokines whose signalling modulates cell fate decision-making across varying cellular …

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling events are well known to control diverse
processes and numerous responses, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis …