Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all
stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling …

Methods In this review minimally invasive endoscopic repair will be reviewed. A general
overview of the condition and techniques for correction will be discussed, followed by …

Several metabolic, genetic and oncogenic bone diseases are characterized by defective or
excessive bone formation. These abnormalities are caused by dysfunctions in the …

Cranial sutures are dynamic structures in which stem cell biology, bone formation, and
mechanical forces interface, influencing the shape of the skull throughout development and …

Pediatric care providers, pediatricians, pediatric subspecialty physicians, and other health
care providers should be able to recognize children with abnormal head shapes that occur …

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulatory axis is phylogenetically ancient, evolving into a
large mammalian/human gene family of 22 ligands that bind to four receptor tyrosine …

Crouzon syndrome exhibits considerable phenotypic heterogeneity, in the aetiology of
which genetics play an important role. FGFR2 mediates extracellular signals into cells and …

Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory
synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between …

Purpose Fontanelles are a regular feature of infant development in which two segments of
bone remain separated, leaving an area of fibrous membrane or a “soft spot” that acts to …

Purpose Systematic examination of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is important during
the follow-up period after surgical repair of syndromic craniosynostosis. In these patients …