Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Since the discovery of renin as a pressor substance in 1898, the renin-angiotensin (RAS)
system has been extensively studied because it remains a prime candidate as a causative …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts molecular and cellular trafficking between the blood
and the CNS. Although astrocytes are known to control BBB permeability, the molecular …

Hyponatremia can be a vexing problem for those who care for critically ill neurologic
patients. Although seemingly simple at first glance, the accurate diagnosis and effective …

The hypothalamus is one of the master regulators of various physiological processes,
including energy balance and nutrient metabolism. These regulatory functions are mediated …

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the recognized host cell receptor responsible for
mediating infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

Objective To demonstrate the presence of an independent renin–angiotensin system (RAS)
in the peritoneum and to determine the role of locally produced angiotensin (Ang) II in high …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in the brain to regulate blood
pressure (BP). This role includes the modulation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) that …

Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart failure, are associated with
activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increased circulating and tissue levels …

(Pro) renin receptor (PRR), the newest member of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is
turning out to be an important player in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. It plays a …