For decades, numerous seminal studies have built our understanding of the locus coeruleus
(LC), the vertebrate brain's principal noradrenergic system. Containing a numerically small …

The tau protein (τ) is one of the two hallmark proteins of Alzheimer's disease (AD) together
with the amyloid β protein (Aβ). In contrast to Aβ, abnormally phosphorylated τ (p-τ) can also …

Noradrenaline released from the locus coeruleus (LC) is a ubiquitous neuromodulator,,–that
has been linked to multiple functions including arousal,,–, action and sensory gain,–, and …

Abstract The “dorsal pons”, or “dorsal pontine tegmentum”(dPnTg), is part of the brainstem. It
is a complex, densely packed region whose nuclei are involved in regulating many vital …

Our brains have evolved the ability to configure and adapt their processing states to match
the unique challenges of acting and learning in diverse environments and behavioral …

Experimental evidence has implicated multiple neurotransmitter systems in either the direct
or indirect modulation of cortical arousal and attention circuitry. In this review, we selectively …

The modulation of dopamine release from midbrain projections to the striatum has long
been demonstrated in reward-based learning, but the synaptic basis of aversive learning is …

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by extracellular accumulation of
amyloid-beta peptide and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, is the most …

Background: Advanced neuroscientific insights surrounding post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and its associated symptomatology should beget psychotherapeutic treatments that …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem nucleus and is the sole source of
noradrenaline in the neocortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Noradrenaline is a powerful …