Chronic pain is a maladaptive neurological disease that remains a major health problem. A
deepening of our knowledge on mechanisms that cause pain is a prerequisite to developing …

In light of the need to perform surgical techniques and the importance of animal welfare
because of acute pain, the objectives of the veterinary anaesthetists are to manage muscle …

Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine
because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal …

Animal models have been invaluable in the identification of molecular events occurring in
and contributing to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and important therapeutic targets …

Simple Summary Facial activity can convey valid information about the experience of pain in
a horse. However, scoring of pain in horses based on facial activity is still in its infancy and …

Simple Summary In several species, facial expressions have been associated with positive
and negative emotions to communicate their mental state. In dogs, the interpretation of these …

Simple Summary Pain and discomfort behavior in horses tends to be especially subtle, and
not readily or widely appreciated even by equine professionals, including many long-time …

The Clinical Practice of Equine-Assisted Therapy bridges theory, research, and practical
methods to fill a rapidly developing gap for physical, occupational, speech, and mental …

Pain recognition is fundamental for safeguarding animal welfare. Facial expressions have
been investigated in several species and grimace scales have been developed as pain …

This study presents the validation of two recently described pain scales, the Equine Utrecht
University Scale for Composite Pain Assessment (EQUUS-COMPASS) and the Equine …