Drugs of abuse such as morphine or marijuana exert their effects through the activation of G-
protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the opioid and cannabinoid receptors, respectively …

Typical antipsychotic drugs, including haloperidol and pimozide, have been shown to
produce parkinsonian motor effects such as akinesia and tremor. Furthermore, there is an …

Parkinson s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which was named after the
medical doctor who first described its symptoms, James Parkinson (1). Degeneration of …

Adenosine and caffeine modulate locomotor activity and striatal gene expression, partially
through the activation and blockade of striatal A2A receptors, respectively. The elucidation of …

Dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors interact to regulate aspects of motor and
motivational function, and it has been suggested that adenosine A2A antagonists could be …

Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) has been shown to activate extracellular signal‐regulated
kinases (ERKs) via distinct pathways dependent on either G‐protein or β‐arrestin. However …

Multivalent ligands are promising pharmacological tools that may be more efficacious for
several diseases than highly selective single-target drugs. A combined therapy using …

Adenosine A 2A receptor antagonists are classified to be a recent new therapeutic strategy
for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease, a hypokinetic movement disorder …

OBJECTIVE: Pre-synaptic D2 receptors regulate striatal dopamine release and DAT activity,
key factors for modulation of motor pathways. A functional SNP of DRD2 (rs1076560 G> T) is …

Long-term L-dopa treatment of Parkinson's disease can lose its effectiveness and cause
development of motor complications such as dyskinesia. Furthermore, L-dopa therapy does …