Although myocardial ischaemia usually manifests as a consequence of atherosclerosis-
dependent obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease, a significant percentage of …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive vascular disease. It starts early in life, has a long
asymptomatic phase, and a progression accelerated by various cardiovascular risk factors …

One of the novel interesting topics in the study of cardiovascular disease is the role of the
oxidation system, since inflammation and oxidative stress are known to lead to …

Background Beta‐blockers refer to a mixed group of drugs with diverse pharmacodynamic
and pharmacokinetic properties. They have shown long‐term beneficial effects on mortality …

Histological specimen and textbook schematics evoke static pictures of vascular networks.
However, the concept of a static system is grossly misleading as vessels and their …

The endothelium is composed of a monolayer of endothelial cells, lining the interior surface
of blood and lymphatic vessels. Endothelial cells display important homeostatic functions …

ContextMany women with angina are told that they have no significant heart disease
following demonstration of normal or near-normal coronary arteries and are offered no …

Cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which activates plasma membrane–localized
P2X and P2Y receptors and thereby modulates cellular function in an autocrine or paracrine …

Pathological conditions that predispose to cardiovascular events, such as hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, are associated with oxidative stress. These …

Sympathetic hyperactivity in chronic kidney disease: Pathogenesis, clinical relevance, and
treatment. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality importantly influence live expectancy of …