Background Recently, the use of digital exoscopes has been increasingly promoted as an
alternative to microscopes. The aim of this study is to compare experimental bypass quality …

Background: Extracranial–intracranial bypass is a challenging procedure that requires
special microsurgical skills and an operative microscope. The exoscope is a tool for …

BACKGROUND: We report a precise technique for EC-IC bypass surgery using a
stereoscopic high-resolution microscope at magnifications of 40× and 50×. METHODS: A …

BACKGROUND Cerebral bypass operation is a technically challenging operation that
requires excellent surgical visibility and efficient ergonomics to minimize complications and …

Background Intracranial bypass is technically challenging and difficult to learn owing to its
relative rarity and complexity. Although multiple training models for intracranial bypass exist …

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical vascular anastomosis techniques are technically challenging
and used in only a narrow spectrum of neurosurgical procedures. Opportunities for …

Background: Neurosurgeons devoted to bypass neurosurgery or revascularization
neurosurgery are becoming scarcer. From a practical point of view,“bypass neurosurgeons” …

BACKGROUND: Microvascular anastomosis using 10-0 nylon needs a higher level of
technical dexterity compared with routine neurosurgical maneuvers. Although this technique …

Background: We report a safe and precise technique of microvascular anastomosis at higher
magnifications (30–50×) in neurosurgery and evaluate our experiences to examine the utility …

OBJECTIVE Microsurgical training remains indispensable to master cerebrovascular bypass
procedures, but simulation models for training that accurately replicate microanastomosis in …