We summarize evidence supporting contemporary pharmacological treatment of phases of
BD, including: mania, depression, and long-term recurrences, emphasizing findings from …

Background Manic-depression or bipolar disorder (BD) is a multi-faceted illness with an
inevitably complex treatment. Methods This article summarizes the current status of our …

The depressed phase of bipolar affective disorder is a significant cause of suffering,
disability, and mortality and represents a major challenge to treating clinicians. This article …

Depression in bipolar disorder (BD) patients presents major clinical challenges. As the
predominant psychopathology even in treated BD, depression is associated not only with …

Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and relapsing mood disorder characterized by cycles of
depression and mania. This article addresses the treatment of patients with bipolar mania …

Background Patients with bipolar disorder are exceptionally challenging to manage
because of the dynamic, chronic, and fluctuating nature of their disease. Typically, the …

Background: The treatment of bipolar depression represents a relatively understudied area
in clinical psychiatry. The depressive phases of bipolar disorder can be very disabling, with …

Bipolar depression is the predominant abnormal mood state in bipolar disorder. However,
despite the key pertinence of this phase of the condition, the focus of research and indeed of …

Lithium preparations have been successfully used to treat bipolar disorder (BD), and remain
the best established long-term treatment for the disorder. In fact, lithium is a cornerstone of …

Despite the remarkable increase in medications validated as effective in bipolar disorder,
treatment is still plagued by inadequate response in acute manic or depressive episodes or …