… solution to surgically treat critical-sized bone loss. Tissue engineering The ideal tissue
engineering construct for critical-sized bone defects would provide an environment that mimics …

… technology provides a new treatment strategy for bone repair. This review paper introduces
… bone defect repair in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of bone tissue engineering …

… Bone lesions are termed ‘critical bone defects’ when loss of length exceeds twice the diaphyseal
diameter of a long bone [… the treatment of critical-sized bone defects, with an absence of …

… promote bone repair. This review focuses on the recent advances in bone tissue engineering
… bone defects. Herein we discuss: (1) the processes of endochondral and intramembranous …

… large bone defect healing (Fig. 1). The term “large bone defect” is used here in the sense of
defects … The review emphasises strategies based upon tissue engineering and regenerative …

Despite its intrinsic ability to regenerate form and function after injury, bone tissue can be …
of bone healing, this knowledge has so far not improved the clinical outcomes of bone defect …

… a nonhealing bone defect is to fill the defect gap with a bone … /or growth factors to aid new
bone growth. The first successful … chips of bovine bone were inserted into bone defects in the …

… tissue engineered bone exhibited far more extensive osteogenesis and good vascularization.
Therefore, we suggest that the vascularized tissue engineered bone … bone defects and …

… Osteoconduction, osteogenesis, and osteoinduction are the three mechanisms needed
to act together to regenerate osseous defects. Efficacious bone tissue engineering requires …

… the defect area not yet healed (remaining bone defect size) and the area of newly formed
bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue (… normalized to the size of the original defect area (in %) and …